Waya ndi chingwe ndi zinthu zamawaya zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kufalitsa mphamvu zamagetsi (maginito), chidziwitso ndikuzindikira kutembenuka kwamagetsi amagetsi.Waya wamba ndi chingwe chimatchedwanso chingwe, ndipo chingwe chopapatiza chimatanthawuza chingwe cha insulated, chomwe chingatanthauzidwe kuti: aggregate yopangidwa ndi zigawo zotsatirazi;chimodzi kapena zingapo insulated cores, ndi zophimba awo zotheka, okwana wosanjikiza zoteteza ndi m'chimake akunja, chingwe angakhalenso owonjezera uninsulated conductors.
Zamthupi zopanda waya:
Zikuluzikulu za mtundu uwu wa mankhwala ndi: kokondeka zitsulo kopanda, popanda kutchinjiriza ndi m'chimake zigawo, monga zitsulo-cored aluminiyamu stranded mawaya, copper-aluminium busbars, magetsi locomotive mawaya, etc.;Ukadaulo waukadaulo umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakukakamiza, monga smelting, calendering, kujambula Zogulitsazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kumidzi, kumidzi, mizere yayikulu ya ogwiritsa ntchito, makabati osinthira, ndi zina zambiri.
Mbali zazikulu za mtundu uwu wa mankhwala ndi: extruding (mapiringidzo) ndi insulating wosanjikiza kunja kwa kondakitala, monga zingwe insulated insulated zingwe, kapena cores angapo zopotoka (mogwirizana ndi gawo, ndale ndi pansi mawaya dongosolo mphamvu), monga zingwe zotsekera pamwamba zokhala ndi zingwe zoposera ziwiri, kapena onjezerani wosanjikiza wa jekete, monga pulasitiki/waya wopaka mphira ndi chingwe.Waukulu ndondomeko umisiri ndi kujambula, stranding, kutchinjiriza extrusion (kukutira), cabling, armoring ndi m'chimake extrusion, etc. Pali kusiyana pakati pa kuphatikiza njira zosiyanasiyana za mankhwala osiyanasiyana.
Zogulitsazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pofalitsa mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi, kugawa, kutumiza, kusintha ndi mizere yamagetsi, ndi mafunde akuluakulu (makumi a ma amps mpaka masauzande a amps) ndi ma voltages apamwamba (220V mpaka 35kV ndi pamwamba).
Chingwe chathyathyathya:
Zikuluzikulu zamtundu uwu wazinthu ndi: mitundu yambiri yamitundu ndi mafotokozedwe, ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kugwiritsa ntchito ma voltages a 1kV ndi pansi, ndipo zatsopano zimachokera nthawi zonse pamaso pa zochitika zapadera, monga moto- zingwe zosagwira ntchito, zingwe zosagwira moto, zopanda utsi wopanda utsi / zotsika Utsi ndi zingwe za halogen zotsika, zingwe zosagwirizana ndi chiswe, zoteteza mbewa, zingwe zosagwira mafuta / kuzizira / zosatentha / zosavala, zingwe zachipatala/ zingwe zaulimi/migodi, mawaya okhala ndi mipanda yopyapyala, ndi zina zotero.
Zingwe zolumikizirana ndi ma fiber optical:
Ndi chitukuko chofulumira cha makampani olankhulana, kuchokera ku zingwe zosavuta za telefoni ndi telegraph m'mbuyomu mpaka zikwi zikwi za zingwe za mawu, zingwe zoyankhulirana, zingwe za kuwala, zingwe za data, ndipo ngakhale zingwe zoyankhulirana zophatikizana.Kukula kwazinthu zotere nthawi zambiri kumakhala kocheperako komanso kofanana, ndipo kulondola kwapangidwe kumakhala kwakukulu.
waya wokhotakhota
Waya wokhotakhota ndi waya wachitsulo wokhala ndi chosanjikiza chotchinga, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma coils kapena ma windings a zinthu zamagetsi.Ikagwira ntchito, mphamvu ya maginito imapangidwa ndi masiku ano, kapena mphamvu yamagetsi imapangidwa ndi kudula maginito amphamvu kuti azindikire kutembenuka kwa mphamvu yamagetsi ndi mphamvu yamaginito, motero imakhala waya wamagetsi.
Zambiri zamawaya ndi zingwe zopangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zili ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wofanana (wodutsa) (kunyalanyaza zolakwika zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kupanga) ndi zingwe zazitali, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mizere kapena ma coils mu machitidwe kapena zida.anaganiza.Chifukwa chake, kuti muphunzire ndikusanthula kapangidwe kazinthu zama chingwe, ndikofunikira kuyang'ana ndikusanthula kuchokera pagawo lake.
Mapangidwe azinthu zamawaya ndi chingwe amatha kugawidwa m'zigawo zinayi zazikuluzikulu: ma conductor, zigawo zoteteza, zotchingira ndi zotchingira, komanso zinthu zodzaza ndi zinthu zolimba.Malinga ndi zofunikira zogwiritsira ntchito komanso kagwiritsidwe ntchito kazinthuzo, zinthu zina zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osavuta kwambiri.
2. Zida za chingwe
Mwanjira ina, makampani opanga mawaya ndi zingwe ndi makampani omaliza ndi kusonkhana.Choyamba, kuchuluka kwa zinthuzo ndi kwakukulu, ndipo mtengo wamtengo wapatali muzinthu zamagetsi ndi 80-90% ya mtengo wonse wopanga;chachiwiri, pali mitundu yambiri ndi mitundu ya zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo zofunikira zogwirira ntchito ndizokwera kwambiri.Mwachitsanzo, mkuwa kwa ma conductor amafuna chiyero cha mkuwa Kuposa 99.95%, zinthu zina zimafunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mkuwa wopanda okosijeni wapamwamba kwambiri;chachitatu, kusankhidwa kwa zipangizo kudzakhudza kwambiri ntchito yopangira zinthu, ntchito zamalonda ndi moyo wautumiki.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, phindu la mabizinesi opanga mawaya ndi zingwe zimagwirizananso kwambiri ngati zipangizo zingathe kupulumutsidwa mwasayansi posankha zinthu, kukonza ndi kupanga.
Choncho, popanga zida za waya ndi chingwe, ziyenera kuchitidwa nthawi imodzi ndi kusankha kwa zipangizo.Nthawi zambiri, zida zingapo zimasankhidwa ndikutsimikiziridwa pambuyo poyeserera ndikuwunika magwiridwe antchito.
Zida zopangira chingwe zimatha kugawidwa kukhala zida zoyendetsera, zotsekera, zodzaza, zotchingira, zida za sheath, ndi zina zotere malinga ndi magawo awo ndi ntchito.Koma zina mwazinthuzi ndizofala pazigawo zingapo zamapangidwe.Makamaka, zida za thermoplastic, monga polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, ndi zina zotero, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakutchinjiriza kapena kuyika sheathing malinga ngati zida zina zopangidwira zimasinthidwa.
Zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida za chingwe zimaphatikizapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo pali mitundu yambiri ndi mafotokozedwe (mtundu).
3. Dzina ndi zinthu za kapangidwe ka mankhwala
(1) Waya: gawo lofunikira kwambiri komanso lofunikira kwambiri pazogulitsa kuti likwaniritse ntchito yapakalipano kapena ma elekitirodi otumizira uthenga wamafunde.
Main zakuthupi: Waya ndi chidule cha conductive waya pachimake.Zimapangidwa ndi zitsulo zopanda chitsulo zokhala ndi magetsi abwino kwambiri monga mkuwa, aluminiyamu, zitsulo zokhala ndi mkuwa, aluminiyamu yophimba mkuwa, ndi zina zotero, ndipo fiber optical imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati waya.
Pali mawaya amkuwa opanda kanthu, waya wamkuwa;waya wanthambi imodzi, waya womangika;waya wophimbidwa pambuyo popotoza.
(2) Insulation layer: Ndi chinthu chomwe chimazungulira mphepete mwa waya ndipo chimagwira ntchito yotchinga magetsi.Izi zikutanthauza kuti, zitha kuonetsetsa kuti mafunde amagetsi kapena mafunde amagetsi ndi mafunde opepuka amangoyenda pawaya ndipo samathamangira kunja, komanso kuthekera kwa kondakitala (ndiko kuti, kusiyana komwe kungapangidwe pazinthu zozungulira), ndiko kuti, voliyumu) ikhoza kudzipatula, ndiko kuti, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti waya wabwinobwino.ntchito, komanso kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha zinthu zakunja ndi anthu.Conductor ndi insulating layer ndi zigawo ziwiri zoyambira zomwe ziyenera kukhala nazo kuti zipange zida za chingwe (kupatula mawaya opanda kanthu).
Zida zazikulu: PVC, Pe, XLPE, polypropylene PP, fluoroplastic F, mphira, pepala, mica tepi
(3) Mapangidwe odzaza: Zambiri zamawaya ndi zingwe zimakhala zamitundu yambiri.Pambuyo pazingwe zotsekerazi kapena ziwirizi zimalumikizidwa ndi chingwe (kapena kuziyika mu zingwe kangapo), imodzi ndikuti mawonekedwewo si ozungulira, ndipo inayo ndikuti pali mipata pakati pa ma cores.Pali kusiyana kwakukulu, kotero dongosolo lodzaza liyenera kuwonjezeredwa panthawi ya cabling.Mapangidwe odzaza ndi kupanga m'mimba mwake wakunja wa cabling kukhala wozungulira, kuti athandizire kukulunga ndi kutulutsa sheath.
Zida zazikulu: chingwe cha PP
(4) Kutchinga: Ndi gawo lomwe limalekanitsa gawo lamagetsi muzinthu zamagetsi kuchokera kumunda wamagetsi akunja;zinthu zina zamangwe zimafunikanso kuzilekanitsa pakati pa mawaya osiyanasiyana (kapena magulu a waya) mkati.Titha kunena kuti chotchinga chotchinga ndi mtundu wa "electromagnetic isolation screen".Conductor shielding ndi insulating shielding ya high-voltage zingwe ndi homogenize kugawa kumunda magetsi.
Zida zazikulu: waya wa mkuwa wopanda kanthu, waya wovala zitsulo zamkuwa, waya wamkuwa wamkuwa
(5) Sheath: Pamene mawaya ndi chingwe zinthu zimayikidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana, ziyenera kukhala ndi zigawo zomwe zimateteza mankhwala onse, makamaka chosanjikiza chotetezera, chomwe ndi sheath.
Chifukwa zipangizo zotetezera zimafunika kuti zikhale ndi mphamvu zotetezera magetsi, ziyenera kukhala zoyera kwambiri komanso zonyansa zochepa;kaŵirikaŵiri sangathe kulingalira kuthekera kwawo kotetezera dziko lakunja.) Kulimbana kapena kukana mphamvu zosiyanasiyana zamakina, kukana chilengedwe chamlengalenga, kukana mankhwala kapena mafuta, kupewa kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe, komanso kuchepetsa zoopsa zamoto ziyenera kuchitidwa ndi zida zosiyanasiyana za sheath.
Zakuthupi: PVC, Pe, mphira, aluminiyamu, lamba wachitsulo
(6) Kukhazikika kwazinthu: mawonekedwe omwe amapangidwa ndi chitsulo chachitsulo chazitsulo zotayidwa ndi waya, chingwe cha kuwala kwa fiber ndi zina zotero.Mwachidule, chinthu chokhazikika chimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu pakupanga zinthu zazing'ono zazing'ono komanso zofewa zomwe zimafuna kupindika ndi kupindika kangapo.
Chitukuko:
Ngakhale makampani opanga mawaya ndi zingwe ndi gawo lothandizira, amatenga 1/4 yamtengo wapatali wamakampani amagetsi aku China.Lili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mphamvu, zomangamanga, mauthenga, kupanga ndi mafakitale ena, ndipo zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi magawo onse a chuma cha dziko.Mawaya ndi zingwe amadziwikanso kuti "mitsempha" ndi "mitsempha" yachuma cha dziko.Ndi zida zofunika kwambiri zotumizira mphamvu zamagetsi, kutumiza zidziwitso, ndikupanga ma mota osiyanasiyana, zida, ndi mita kuti muzindikire kutembenuka kwamagetsi amagetsi.zinthu zofunika pagulu.
Makampani opanga mawaya ndi zingwe ndi gawo lachiwiri lalikulu kwambiri ku China pambuyo pamakampani opanga magalimoto, ndipo kukhutitsidwa kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana yazinthu komanso gawo la msika wanyumba zonse zimaposa 90%.Padziko lonse lapansi, mawaya ndi zingwe zonse za ku China zomwe zatulutsa zaposa za United States, zomwe zakhala kampani yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yopanga mawaya ndi zingwe.Ndikukula kwachangu kwamakampani aku China opanga mawaya ndi zingwe, kuchuluka kwamakampani atsopano kukupitilira kukwera, ndipo mulingo wonse waukadaulo wamakampaniwo wapita patsogolo kwambiri.
Kuyambira January mpaka November 2007, okwana mafakitale linanena bungwe mtengo wa China waya ndi chingwe kupanga makampani anafika 476,742,526 yuan zikwi, kuwonjezeka kwa 34,64% pa nthawi yomweyo ya chaka chatha;ndalama zogulitsira zomwe zidapezeka zinali 457,503,436,000 yuan, kuchuluka kwa 33.70% munthawi yomweyi ya chaka chatha;Phindu lonse linali 18,808,301,000 yuan, kuwonjezeka kwa 32.31% pa nthawi yomweyi ya chaka chatha.
Kuyambira January mpaka May 2008, okwana mafakitale linanena bungwe mtengo wa China waya ndi chingwe kupanga makampani anali 241,435,450,000 yuan, kuwonjezeka kwa 26.47% pa nthawi yomweyo ya chaka chatha;ndalama zogulitsira zomwe zidapezeka zinali 227,131,384,000 yuan, kuchuluka kwa 26.26% munthawi yomweyi ya chaka chatha;phindu lonse lomwe linasonkhanitsidwa linapezeka 8,519,637,000 yuan, kuwonjezeka kwa 26.55% pa nthawi yomweyi ya chaka chatha.Mu Novembala 2008, poyankha mavuto azachuma padziko lonse lapansi, boma la China lidaganiza zoyika ndalama zokwana 4 thililiyoni kuti ziwonjezeke zofuna zapakhomo, zomwe zopitilira 40% zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga ndi kukonzanso ma gridi amagetsi akumidzi ndi akumidzi.Makampani amtundu wawaya ndi zingwe ali ndi mwayi wina wamsika wabwino, ndipo makampani opanga mawaya ndi zingwe m'malo osiyanasiyana amapezerapo mwayi wolandila kuzungulira kwatsopano kwamagetsi akumatauni ndi kumidzi ndikusinthika.
Chaka cha 2012 chapitacho chinali poyambira makampani a waya ndi zingwe ku China.Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kukula kwa GDP, mavuto azachuma padziko lonse lapansi, komanso kusintha kwachuma chanyumba, makampani opanga zingwe zapakhomo nthawi zambiri ankagwiritsidwa ntchito mochepera komanso kuchulukirachulukira.Makampani akuda nkhawa ndi funde la kutsekedwa.Pofika chaka cha 2013, makampani opanga mawaya ndi zingwe ku China abweretsa mwayi watsopano wamabizinesi ndi misika.
Pofika chaka cha 2012, msika wapadziko lonse wawaya ndi zingwe wadutsa ma euro 100 biliyoni.M'makampani a waya ndi zingwe padziko lonse lapansi, msika waku Asia ndi 37%, msika waku Europe uli pafupi ndi 30%, msika waku America ndi 24%, ndipo misika ina ndi 9%.Pakati pawo, ngakhale makampani aku China amawaya ndi zingwe amatenga gawo losasinthika pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi wawaya ndi zingwe, ndipo koyambirira kwa 2011, mtengo wamakampani aku China wamawaya ndi zingwe waposa wa United States, ndikuyika patsogolo padziko lonse lapansi.Koma kuchokera kumalingaliro amalingaliro, poyerekeza ndi makampani opanga mawaya ndi zingwe ku Europe ndi United States, dziko langa likadali pamavuto akulu koma osalimba, ndipo pakadali kusiyana kwakukulu ndi mawaya odziwika akunja ndi zingwe. .
Mu 2011, malonda linanena bungwe la China waya ndi chingwe makampani anafika yuan biliyoni 1,143.8, kuposa thililiyoni yuan kwa nthawi yoyamba, kuwonjezeka 28,3%, ndi phindu okwana 68 biliyoni.Mu 2012, mtengo wogulitsa wamakampani amtundu wawaya ndi chingwe kuyambira Januware mpaka Julayi unali 671.5 biliyoni ya yuan, phindu lonse linali 28.1 biliyoni, ndipo phindu lapakati linali 4.11% yokha..
Kuphatikiza apo, potengera kukula kwa chuma chamakampani aku China, chuma chamakampani aku China chawaya ndi chingwe chinafika 790.499 biliyoni ya yuan mu 2012, kuwonjezeka kwa 12.20% pachaka.Kum'mawa kwa China kumatenga zoposa 60% ya dzikolo, ndipo kumakhalabe ndi mpikisano wamphamvu pamakampani onse opanga mawaya ndi zingwe.[1]
Kukula kosalekeza komanso kofulumira kwachuma cha China kwapereka msika waukulu wazinthu zama chingwe.Kuyesedwa kwamphamvu kwa msika waku China kwapangitsa kuti dziko liziyang'ana kwambiri msika waku China.Pazaka makumi angapo zakukonzanso ndikutsegulira, makampani opanga zingwe ku China ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kopanga komwe kwachititsa chidwi padziko lonse lapansi.Ndi kukula kosalekeza kwa mafakitale amagetsi a China, makampani olankhulana ma data, mafakitale oyendera njanji m'tawuni, mafakitale amagalimoto, zomanga zombo ndi mafakitale ena, kufunikira kwa mawaya ndi zingwe kumachulukirachulukira, ndipo makampani opanga mawaya ndi chingwe ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kwachitukuko. m'tsogolo.China Wire and Cable Industry Market Demand Forecast and Investment Strategic Planning Analysis Report.
Polimbikitsa njira zamabizinesi amtundu wamakampani opanga mawaya ndi zingwe ndikukhazikitsa kasamalidwe koyenera ndi kuwongolera, mfundo zotsatirazi ziyenera kutsatiridwa: poganizira bizinesi yapakhomo ndi bizinesi yapadziko lonse lapansi, kufunafuna kulumikizana pakati pazachuma ndi masanjidwe a mafakitale, kukula kosasinthika komanso kuchita bwino. , ndi kufananiza umwini ndi ufulu wolamulira , kampani ya makolo ndi bizinesi yocheperapo imagwirizanitsidwa, ndipo mawonekedwe a bungwe akugwirizana ndi dongosolo la bungwe ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ndi kasamalidwe.Kuti atsatire mfundozi, makampani a waya ndi zingwe akuyenera kuthana ndi maubale awa:
1. Yang'anirani bwino ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa bizinesi yapakhomo ndi bizinesi yapadziko lonse lapansi
Ziyenera kunenedwa kuti ntchito yamitundu yonse yamabizinesi amawaya ndi zingwe ndizofunikira komanso zotulukapo zakukula kwa zokolola zamabizinesi, m'malo mokhala ndi cholinga chokhazikika komanso chochita kupanga.Sikuti makampani onse a waya ndi zingwe ayenera kuchita ntchito zamayiko osiyanasiyana.Chifukwa cha masikelo osiyanasiyana komanso mabizinesi amakampani, pali makampani angapo a waya ndi zingwe omwe ali oyenera kuchita bizinesi pamsika wapakhomo.Makampani a waya ndi zingwe omwe ali ndi machitidwe ogwirira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi amafunikabe kuwongolera bwino ubale pakati pa bizinesi yapakhomo ndi bizinesi yapadziko lonse lapansi.Msika wapakhomo ndiye msasa woyambira pakupulumuka ndi chitukuko cha mabizinesi.Mabizinesi amawaya ndi zingwe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wanyengo, malo, ndi anthu kuchita bizinesi ku China.Komabe, kutukuka kwa mabizinesi aku China ndi zingwe kuyenera kukhala pachiwopsezo pazinthu izi.Kuyang'ana pa nthawi yayitali, onjezerani kuchuluka kwa ntchito m'derali potengera kugawa koyenera kwazinthu zopangira kuti muthe kugawana nawo msika komanso kupikisana.
2. Moyenera, ganizirani za ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kamangidwe ka mafakitale ndi kagawidwe ka zinthu
Chifukwa chake, makampani amawaya ndi zingwe sayenera kupanga zinthu kunja kokha, komanso kutengera zinthu kunja kwa dziko momwe angathere kuti achepetse ndalama zopangira komanso ndalama zina zoyendera.Nthawi yomweyo, mabizinesi opangira mawaya ndi zingwe ndi mabizinesi opangira zinthu, ndipo akuyenera kuganizira momveka bwino momwe zinthu zachilengedwe zimakhudzira komanso kuchepa kwa mphamvu pamakonzedwe a mafakitale, ndikutumiza maulalo opangira zinthu mochulukirachulukira m'maiko akunja ndi zigawo zomwe zili ndi chuma chambiri komanso zotsika mtengo.
3. Yang'anirani bwino ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kukulitsa sikelo ndi kukonza bwino
Kwa zaka zambiri, kuchuluka kwa ntchito zamabizinesi aku China ndi zingwe zakhala zikukhudzidwa, ndipo malingaliro a anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha kuchepa kwawo, mabizinesi ambiri sanabweretse phindu lazachuma.Chifukwa chake, kwa nthawi yayitali, ntchito zamayiko osiyanasiyana zamakampani a waya ndi zingwe zaku China zapita kudera lina, kufunafuna kukulitsa sikelo, kunyalanyaza zopindulitsa zachuma, motero motsutsana ndi cholinga choyambirira cha ntchito zamayiko osiyanasiyana.Chifukwa chake, makampani a waya ndi zingwe amayenera kuthana bwino ndi mgwirizano pakati pa kukula ndi magwiridwe antchito pakukonza njira ndikukhazikitsa ntchito zamayiko osiyanasiyana, ndikukulitsa kukula kwawo kuti apeze phindu lalikulu.
4. Yang'anirani bwino ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa umwini ndi kuwongolera
Makampani a waya ndi zingwe apeza gawo kapena umwini wamakampani akunja kudzera muzachuma zakunja.Cholinga chake ndikupeza ulamuliro pamakampani akunja kudzera mwa umwini, kuti akwaniritse njira zonse zachitukuko zamakampani ndikupeza phindu lalikulu pazachuma.M'malo mwake, ngati bizinesi yamawaya ndi chingwe ipeza gawo kapena umwini wabizinesi yakunja, koma ikulephera kuwongolera bizinesiyo ndipo sikupangitsa umwini kukhala njira yonse ya ofesi yayikulu, ndiye kuti ntchito yapadziko lonse lapansi imataya. tanthauzo lake lenileni.Sintchito yeniyeni yamitundumitundu.Chifukwa chake, kampani yamawaya ndi zingwe yomwe imatenga msika wapadziko lonse lapansi ngati cholinga chake chokhazikika iyenera kupeza ufulu wowongolera mosasamala kanthu kuti ipeza umwini wotani pantchito zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-23-2022